{
  "generatedAt": "2026-04-29",
  "title": "TechHelp ownership map",
  "description": "Selected tech companies with more than one tracked program, plus source links for who operates or owns them.",
  "nodes": [
    {
      "id": "google",
      "label": "Google",
      "kind": "company",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "A major US tech company behind search, browser, mobile, mail, and video products."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft",
      "label": "Microsoft",
      "kind": "company",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "A major US software and cloud company with productivity, OS, network, and AI products."
    },
    {
      "id": "meta",
      "label": "Meta",
      "kind": "company",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Meta operates major social and messaging platforms."
    },
    {
      "id": "apple",
      "label": "Apple",
      "kind": "company",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Apple operates major hardware, browser, and cloud services."
    },
    {
      "id": "mullvad",
      "label": "Mullvad",
      "kind": "company",
      "region": "eu",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "summary": "A European privacy company focused on VPN and browser tools."
    },
    {
      "id": "youtube",
      "label": "YouTube",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "YouTube is the default video platform for many people because of sheer scale, recommendations, and creator reach."
    },
    {
      "id": "gmail",
      "label": "Gmail",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Gmail is a mainstream email default because it is familiar, widely supported, and tightly integrated with Google tools."
    },
    {
      "id": "chrome",
      "label": "Chrome",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Chrome is widely used because it is familiar, compatible, and synced with the Google account many people already use."
    },
    {
      "id": "android",
      "label": "Android",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Android is the mainstream mobile platform for people who want flexibility and broad device choice."
    },
    {
      "id": "linkedin",
      "label": "LinkedIn",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "LinkedIn is still the mainstream professional network because of network size, recruiting presence, and career visibility."
    },
    {
      "id": "windows",
      "label": "Windows",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Windows remains the mainstream desktop OS because it supports the widest range of mainstream software, hardware, and enterprise workflows."
    },
    {
      "id": "m365",
      "label": "Microsoft 365",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Microsoft 365 is a mainstream office suite because it dominates business workflows, file compatibility, and enterprise collaboration."
    },
    {
      "id": "copilot",
      "label": "Microsoft Copilot",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Microsoft Copilot is Microsofts general AI assistant and is often the easiest AI entry point for people already inside Microsoft products."
    },
    {
      "id": "instagram",
      "label": "Instagram",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Instagram remains a default social platform because of network effects, creator tools, and the size of its existing audience."
    },
    {
      "id": "whatsapp",
      "label": "WhatsApp",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "WhatsApp stays dominant in many countries because nearly everyone is already there."
    },
    {
      "id": "messenger",
      "label": "Messenger",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Messenger remains common because it rides on existing Meta account networks and social habits."
    },
    {
      "id": "icloud",
      "label": "iCloud",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "iCloud is the easy default for Apple households because it is built straight into the devices many people already use."
    },
    {
      "id": "safari",
      "label": "Safari",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Safari is a mainstream browser for Apple users because it is default, fast, and tightly integrated on Apple devices."
    },
    {
      "id": "mullvad-vpn",
      "label": "Mullvad VPN",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "eu",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "summary": "Mullvad VPN is a European privacy option for people who want a simpler and less marketing-heavy VPN."
    },
    {
      "id": "mullvad-browser",
      "label": "Mullvad Browser",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "eu",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "summary": "Mullvad Browser is a privacy-oriented browser option for people who want to reduce tracking and fingerprinting compared with mainstream browsers."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-search",
      "label": "Google Search",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Google Search is still the default search engine for many people because of result breadth, familiarity, and strong everyday relevance."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-drive",
      "label": "Google Drive",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Google Drive is a mainstream cloud-storage default because it is tightly integrated with Google accounts, sharing, and office workflows."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-docs",
      "label": "Google Docs",
      "kind": "product",
      "region": "us",
      "country": "United States",
      "summary": "Google Docs is a mainstream office tool because real-time collaboration is simple and almost frictionless for many teams."
    }
  ],
  "edges": [
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "youtube",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-youtube-terms"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "gmail",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-gmail"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "chrome",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-chrome"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "android",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-android"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "microsoft",
      "to": "linkedin",
      "relationship": "owns",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-linkedin-about"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "microsoft",
      "to": "windows",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-windows"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "microsoft",
      "to": "m365",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-m365"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "microsoft",
      "to": "copilot",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-copilot"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "meta",
      "to": "instagram",
      "relationship": "owns",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-meta-apps"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "meta",
      "to": "whatsapp",
      "relationship": "owns",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-meta-apps"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "meta",
      "to": "messenger",
      "relationship": "owns",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-meta-apps"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "apple",
      "to": "icloud",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-icloud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "apple",
      "to": "safari",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-safari"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "mullvad",
      "to": "mullvad-vpn",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-mullvad-vpn"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "mullvad",
      "to": "mullvad-browser",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-mullvad-browser"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "google-search",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-google-search"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "google-drive",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-google-drive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "from": "google",
      "to": "google-docs",
      "relationship": "operates",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-google-docs"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "src-youtube-terms",
      "title": "YouTube Terms of Service",
      "publisher": "YouTube",
      "url": "https://www.youtube.com/t/terms",
      "note": "The terms page identifies Google LLC as the service provider."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gmail",
      "title": "Gmail for personal and business use",
      "publisher": "Google",
      "url": "https://workspace.google.com/gmail/",
      "note": "Official Gmail product page from Google."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-chrome",
      "title": "Google Chrome",
      "publisher": "Google",
      "url": "https://www.google.com/chrome/",
      "note": "Official Chrome product page from Google."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-android",
      "title": "Android",
      "publisher": "Google",
      "url": "https://www.android.com/",
      "note": "Official Android product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-linkedin-about",
      "title": "About LinkedIn",
      "publisher": "LinkedIn",
      "url": "https://about.linkedin.com/",
      "note": "The page states that Microsoft completed its acquisition of LinkedIn in December 2016."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-windows",
      "title": "Windows",
      "publisher": "Microsoft",
      "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows",
      "note": "Official Windows product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-m365",
      "title": "Microsoft 365",
      "publisher": "Microsoft",
      "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365",
      "note": "Official Microsoft 365 product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-copilot",
      "title": "Microsoft Copilot",
      "publisher": "Microsoft",
      "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-copilot",
      "note": "Official Microsoft Copilot page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-meta-apps",
      "title": "The Facebook Company Is Now Meta",
      "publisher": "Meta",
      "url": "https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta/",
      "note": "The announcement refers to apps like Messenger, Instagram, and WhatsApp as part of Meta."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-aws",
      "title": "What is AWS?",
      "publisher": "Amazon Web Services",
      "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-aws/",
      "note": "Official AWS page from Amazon Web Services."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-icloud",
      "title": "iCloud",
      "publisher": "Apple",
      "url": "https://www.apple.com/icloud/",
      "note": "Official Apple iCloud page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-safari",
      "title": "Safari",
      "publisher": "Apple",
      "url": "https://www.apple.com/safari/",
      "note": "Official Apple Safari page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-qwant",
      "title": "About Qwant",
      "publisher": "Qwant",
      "url": "https://about.qwant.com/en/",
      "note": "Official Qwant company page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ecosia",
      "title": "Ecosia",
      "publisher": "Ecosia",
      "url": "https://www.ecosia.org/",
      "note": "Official Ecosia website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-tuta",
      "title": "Tuta",
      "publisher": "Tuta",
      "url": "https://tuta.com/",
      "note": "Official Tuta website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-mailbox",
      "title": "mailbox.org",
      "publisher": "mailbox.org",
      "url": "https://mailbox.org/en/",
      "note": "Official mailbox.org website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-koofr",
      "title": "Koofr",
      "publisher": "Koofr",
      "url": "https://koofr.eu/",
      "note": "Official Koofr website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-onlyoffice",
      "title": "ONLYOFFICE",
      "publisher": "ONLYOFFICE",
      "url": "https://www.onlyoffice.com/",
      "note": "Official ONLYOFFICE website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-hetzner",
      "title": "Hetzner Cloud",
      "publisher": "Hetzner",
      "url": "https://www.hetzner.com/cloud",
      "note": "Official Hetzner cloud product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ovhcloud",
      "title": "OVHcloud Public Cloud",
      "publisher": "OVHcloud",
      "url": "https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/public-cloud/",
      "note": "Official OVHcloud public cloud page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-scaleway",
      "title": "Scaleway",
      "publisher": "Scaleway",
      "url": "https://www.scaleway.com/en/",
      "note": "Official Scaleway website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-mullvad-vpn",
      "title": "Mullvad VPN",
      "publisher": "Mullvad",
      "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/vpn",
      "note": "Official Mullvad VPN page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-mullvad-browser",
      "title": "Mullvad Browser",
      "publisher": "Mullvad",
      "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/browser",
      "note": "Official Mullvad Browser page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-le-chat",
      "title": "Le Chat",
      "publisher": "Mistral AI",
      "url": "https://mistral.ai/products/le-chat",
      "note": "Official Le Chat product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-psono",
      "title": "Psono",
      "publisher": "Psono",
      "url": "https://psono.com/",
      "note": "Official Psono website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-google-search",
      "title": "How Search Works",
      "publisher": "Google",
      "url": "https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/",
      "note": "Official Google Search explainer page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-google-drive",
      "title": "Google Drive",
      "publisher": "Google",
      "url": "https://workspace.google.com/products/drive/",
      "note": "Official Google Drive product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-google-docs",
      "title": "Google Docs",
      "publisher": "Google",
      "url": "https://workspace.google.com/products/docs/",
      "note": "Official Google Docs product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-dropbox",
      "title": "Dropbox",
      "publisher": "Dropbox",
      "url": "https://www.dropbox.com/",
      "note": "Official Dropbox website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-startpage",
      "title": "Startpage",
      "publisher": "Startpage",
      "url": "https://www.startpage.com/",
      "note": "Official Startpage website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-nextcloud",
      "title": "Nextcloud",
      "publisher": "Nextcloud",
      "url": "https://nextcloud.com/",
      "note": "Official Nextcloud website."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-murena-eos",
      "title": "/e/OS",
      "publisher": "Murena",
      "url": "https://murena.com/e-os/",
      "note": "Official /e/OS page from Murena."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-chatgpt",
      "title": "ChatGPT",
      "publisher": "OpenAI",
      "url": "https://openai.com/chatgpt/",
      "note": "Official ChatGPT product page."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-search-guide",
      "title": "Best Private Search Engines",
      "publisher": "RestorePrivacy",
      "url": "https://restoreprivacy.com/private-search-engine/",
      "note": "A comparison guide that frames privacy-focused search engines against mainstream defaults."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-secure-email-guide",
      "title": "Encrypted Private Email Recommendations",
      "publisher": "Privacy Guides",
      "url": "https://www.privacyguides.org/en/email/",
      "note": "A comparison guide for privacy-focused email alternatives."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-browser-guide",
      "title": "Desktop Browsers",
      "publisher": "Privacy Guides",
      "url": "https://www.privacyguides.org/en/desktop-browsers/",
      "note": "A guide comparing browser privacy defaults and tradeoffs."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-android-guide",
      "title": "Android",
      "publisher": "Privacy Guides",
      "url": "https://www.privacyguides.org/en/android/",
      "note": "A guide covering Android privacy tradeoffs and alternative directions."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-linkedin-alternatives",
      "title": "8 LinkedIn Alternatives For Professional Networking",
      "publisher": "Search Engine Journal",
      "url": "https://www.searchenginejournal.com/linkedin-alternatives/297409/",
      "note": "A roundup describing how people use LinkedIn alternatives in practice."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-linux-distros",
      "title": "7 Linux Distributions to Replace Windows 11 and 10",
      "publisher": "Its FOSS",
      "url": "https://itsfoss.com/windows-like-linux-distributions/",
      "note": "A guide used to summarize how Windows alternatives are commonly described."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-office-alternatives",
      "title": "Microsoft 365 vs ONLYOFFICE Workspace",
      "publisher": "Software Advice",
      "url": "https://www.softwareadvice.com/productivity/microsoft-365-profile/vs/onlyoffice/",
      "note": "A direct comparison used for high-level notes about Microsoft 365 and ONLYOFFICE."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-ai-chatbots",
      "title": "The best AI chatbot",
      "publisher": "Zapier",
      "url": "https://zapier.com/blog/best-ai-chatbot/",
      "note": "A broad comparison of mainstream AI chat assistants."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-le-chat-review",
      "title": "Le Chat by Mistral AI Review",
      "publisher": "Toolstack",
      "url": "https://toolstack.io/tools/le-chat-by-mistral-ai",
      "note": "A review used to summarize how Le Chat is described against larger AI assistants."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-instagram-alternatives",
      "title": "Pixelfed Is an Instagram Alternative That Feels Like a Return to the Old Internet",
      "publisher": "Lifehacker",
      "url": "https://lifehacker.com/tech/pixelfed-the-ad-free-instagram-alternative-now-has-a-smartphone-app",
      "note": "A source used to summarize how people describe Instagram alternatives like Pixelfed."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-secure-messaging",
      "title": "The best secure messaging apps",
      "publisher": "PCMag",
      "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/picks/the-best-secure-messaging-apps",
      "note": "A messaging roundup used to summarize the tradeoff between reach and privacy."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-cloud-services",
      "title": "EU-Native Cloud Providers Compared",
      "publisher": "Software Seni",
      "url": "https://www.softwareseni.com/eu-native-cloud-providers-compared-hetzner-ovhcloud-scaleway-and-t-systems/",
      "note": "A cloud-provider comparison used for hyperscalers versus smaller European clouds."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-cloud-storage",
      "title": "Best cloud storage",
      "publisher": "TechRadar",
      "url": "https://www.techradar.com/best/best-cloud-storage",
      "note": "A storage roundup used to summarize convenience versus control."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-mullvad-review",
      "title": "Mullvad VPN review",
      "publisher": "PCMag",
      "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/mullvad-vpn",
      "note": "A review covering how Mullvad is usually described in comparison with other VPNs."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-password-managers",
      "title": "Best password managers",
      "publisher": "RestorePrivacy",
      "url": "https://restoreprivacy.com/password-manager/best-password-manager/",
      "note": "A roundup used for high-level notes about control, trust, and feature tradeoffs."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-youtube-alternatives",
      "title": "YouTube alternatives: Which is the best?",
      "publisher": "Epidemic Sound",
      "url": "https://www.epidemicsound.com/blog/best-youtube-alternatives/",
      "note": "A comparison of YouTube alternatives and their common tradeoffs."
    },
    {
      "id": "guide-ovh-public-cloud",
      "title": "Public Cloud",
      "publisher": "OVHcloud",
      "url": "https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/public-cloud/",
      "note": "OVHclouds Public Cloud page explicitly says its cloud is based on open-source standards such as OpenStack and helps avoid vendor lock."
    },
    {
      "id": "guide-ovh-openstack-powered",
      "title": "OVH Public Cloud",
      "publisher": "OpenStack Marketplace",
      "url": "https://www.openstack.org/marketplace/public-clouds/ovh-group/ovh-public-cloud",
      "note": "The OpenStack marketplace entry shows OVH Public Cloud as an OpenStack-powered public cloud."
    },
    {
      "id": "guide-opentofu-docs",
      "title": "OpenTofu Documentation",
      "publisher": "OpenTofu",
      "url": "https://opentofu.org/docs/",
      "note": "OpenTofu is a portable infrastructure-as-code option you can use to keep infrastructure definitions outside a providers native control panel."
    },
    {
      "id": "guide-kubernetes-overview",
      "title": "Kubernetes Components Overview",
      "publisher": "Kubernetes",
      "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/",
      "note": "Kubernetes is a common portability layer for applications when you want to move between clouds without rewriting the whole deployment model."
    }
  ]
}